Simulate models

cameo uses and extends the model data structures defined by cobrapy, our favorite COnstraints-Based Reconstruction and Analysis tool for Python. cameo is thus 100% compatible with cobrapy. For efficiency reasons, however, cameo implements its own simulation methods that take advantage of a more advanced solver interface.

Primer: Constraint-Based Modeling

Constraint-based modeling is a powerful modeling framework for analyzing metabolism on the genome scale (McCloskey et al., 2013). For a model that encompasses $n$ reactions that involve $m$ metabolites, $\mathbf{S}$ is a matrix of dimension $m \times n$ that encodes the stoichiometry of the metabolic reaction system; it is usually referred to as stoichiometric matrix. Assuming that the system is in a steady state—the concentration of metabolites are constant—the system of flux-balances can be formulated as

$$\begin{align} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{v} = 0\,, \end{align}$$

where $\mathbf{v}$ is the vector of flux rates. With the addition of a biologically meaningful objective, flux capacity constraints, information about the reversibility of reactions under physiological conditions, an optimization problem can be formulated that can easily be solved using linear programming.

, e.g., maximimization of biomass production,Given the maximization of growth rate as one potential biological objective $v_{biomass}$, i.e., the flux of an artificial reaction that consumes biomass components in empirically determined proportions, and assuming that the cell is evolutionary optimized to achieve that objective, and incorporating knowledge about reaction reversibility, uptake and secretion rates, and maximum flux capacities in the form of lower and uppers bounds ($\mathbf{v}_{lb}$ and $\mathbf{v}_{ub}$) on the flux variables $\mathbf{v}$, one can formulate and solve an optimization problem to identify an optimal set of flux rates using flux balance analysis (FBA):

$$\begin{split}\begin{align} Max ~ & ~ Z_{obj} = \mathbf{c}^{T} \mathbf{v}\\ \text{s.t.}~ & ~ \mathbf{S} \mathbf{v} = 0 \\ ~ & ~ \mathbf{v}_{lb} \leq \mathbf{v} \leq \mathbf{v}_{ub} \,. \end{align}\end{split}$$

Flux Balance Analysis

Load a model.

from cameo import load_model
model = load_model('iJO1366')

In cameo, flux balance analysis can be performed with the function fba.

from cameo import fba
%time fba_result = fba(model)

CPU times: user 348 ms, sys: 5.36 ms, total: 353 ms
Wall time: 378 ms

Basically, fba calls model.solve() and wraps the optimization solution in a FluxDistributionResult object. The maximum objective values (corresponding to a maximum growth rate) can obtained throug result.objective_value.

fba_result.data_frame

	flux
DM_4crsol_c	0.000219
DM_5drib_c	0.000221
DM_aacald_c	0.000000
DM_amob_c	0.000002
DM_mththf_c	0.000440
DM_oxam_c	0.000000
BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_WT_53p95M	0.000000
...	...
XYLt2pp	0.000000
XYLtex	0.000000
ZN2abcpp	0.000000
ZN2t3pp	0.000000
ZN2tpp	0.000335
ZNabcpp	0.000000
Zn2tex	0.000335

2583 rows × 1 columns

Flux distributions can be visualized using *escher* :

fba_result.display_on_map("iJO1366.Central metabolism")

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Tip: Hover over an option to see more details about it.

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View and build options

Identifiers:

ID'sDescriptive names

Scroll to zoom (instead of scroll to pan)Hide secondary metabolitesShow gene reaction rulesHide reaction, gene, and metabolite labelsAllow duplicate reactionsHighlight reactions not in model

Tip: To increase map performance, turn off text boxes (i.e. labels and gene reaction rules).

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Reactions

Reaction and gene data not loaded

Value:

Color:

Size:

Styles for reactions with no data

Color:

Size:

valuemeanQ1medianQ3

valuemeanQ1medianQ3

valuemeanQ1medianQ3

valuemeanQ1medianQ3

valuemeanQ1medianQ3

valuemeanQ1medianQ3

valuemeanQ1medianQ3

Reaction or Gene data

Options:	Absolute valueSizeColorText (Show data in label)
Comparison:	Fold ChangeLog2(Fold Change)Difference

Method for evaluating AND:

MeanMin

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Metabolites

Metabolite data not loaded

Value:

Color:

Size:

Styles for metabolites with no data

Color:

Size:

value

value

Metabolite data

Options:	Absolute valueSizeColorText (Show data in label)
Comparison:	Fold ChangeLog2(Fold Change)Difference

Drawing ...

— Jump to map —

Parsimonious Flux Balance Analysis

Parsimonious flux balance analysis (Lewis et al., 2010), a variant of FBA, performs FBA in in a first step to determine the maximum objective value $Z_{obj}$, fixes it in form of an additional model constraint ($\mathbf{c}^{T} \mathbf{v} \ge Z_{obj}$), and then minimizes in a second optimization the $L_1$ norm of $\mathbf{v}$. The assumption behind pFBA is that cells try to minimize flux magnitude as well in order to keep protein costs low.

$$\begin{split}\begin{align} Max ~ & ~ \lvert \mathbf{v} \rvert\\ \text{s.t.}~ & ~ \mathbf{S} \mathbf{v} = 0 \\ & ~ \mathbf{c}^{T} \mathbf{v} \ge Z_{obj} \\ ~ & ~ \mathbf{v}_{lb} \leq \mathbf{v} \leq \mathbf{v}_{ub} \,. \end{align}\end{split}$$

In cameo, pFBA can be performed with the function pfba.

from cameo import pfba
%time pfba_result = pfba(model)

CPU times: user 382 ms, sys: 15.3 ms, total: 398 ms
Wall time: 494 ms

The objective_function value is $\lvert \mathbf{v} \rvert$ …

pfba_result.objective_value

699.0222751839442

… which is smaller than flux vector of the original FBA solution.

abs(fba_result.data_frame.flux).sum()

701.81777502444379

Setp 2: Simulate knockouts phenotypes

Although PFBA and FBA can be used to simulate the effect of knockouts, other methods have been proven more valuable for that task: MOMA and ROOM. In cameo we implement a linear version of MOMA.

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Simulating knockouts:

• Manipulate the bounds of the reaction (or use the shorthand method knock_out)

model.reactions.PGI

Id	PGI
Name	Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Stoichiometry	g6p_c <=> f6p_c
Lower bound	-1000.000000
Upper bound	1000.000000

model.reactions.PGI.knock_out()
model.reactions.PGI

Id	PGI
Name	Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Stoichiometry	g6p_c --> f6p_c
Lower bound	0.000000
Upper bound	0.000000

• Simulate using different methods:

%time fba_knockout_result = fba(model)
fba_knockout_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M]

CPU times: user 257 ms, sys: 6.5 ms, total: 264 ms
Wall time: 359 ms

0.9761293262973523

%time pfba_knockout_result = pfba(model)
pfba_knockout_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M]

CPU times: user 664 ms, sys: 21.4 ms, total: 685 ms
Wall time: 1.05 s

0.9761293262947272

MOMA and ROOM relly on a reference (wild-type) flux distribution and we can use the one previously computed.

Parsimonious FBA references seem to produce better results using this methods

from cameo.flux_analysis.simulation import room, lmoma

%time lmoma_result = lmoma(model, reference=pfba_result.fluxes)
lmoma_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M]

CPU times: user 8.07 s, sys: 120 ms, total: 8.19 s
Wall time: 8.93 s

0.8724092397035627

ROOM is a dificult computational problem. If the bounds of the system are not large enought, it can take many hours to simulate. To improve the speed of the simulation and the chances of finding a solution, we increase the bounds.

for reaction in model.reactions:
    if reaction.upper_bound == 1000:
        reaction.upper_bound = 99999999
    if reaction.lower_bound == -1000:
        reaction.lower_bound = -99999999

%time room_result = room(model, reference=pfba_result.fluxes)
room_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M]

CPU times: user 11.5 s, sys: 83 ms, total: 11.6 s
Wall time: 11.8 s

0.8724092397035627