Cython wrapper for the Parma Polyhedra Library (PPL)
The Parma Polyhedra Library (PPL) is a library for polyhedral computations over \(\mathbb{Q}\). This interface tries to reproduce the C++ API as faithfully as possible in Python. For example, the following C++ excerpt:
Variable x(0);
Variable y(1);
Constraint_System cs;
cs.insert(x >= 0);
cs.insert(x <= 3);
cs.insert(y >= 0);
cs.insert(y <= 3);
C_Polyhedron poly_from_constraints(cs);
translates into:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, C_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert(x >= 0)
>>> cs.insert(x <= 3)
>>> cs.insert(y >= 0)
>>> cs.insert(y <= 3)
>>> poly_from_constraints = C_Polyhedron(cs)
The same polyhedron constructed from generators:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Generator_System, C_Polyhedron, point
>>> gs = Generator_System()
>>> gs.insert(point(0*x + 0*y))
>>> gs.insert(point(0*x + 3*y))
>>> gs.insert(point(3*x + 0*y))
>>> gs.insert(point(3*x + 3*y))
>>> poly_from_generators = C_Polyhedron(gs)
Rich comparisons test equality/inequality and strict/non-strict containment:
>>> poly_from_generators == poly_from_constraints
True
>>> poly_from_generators >= poly_from_constraints
True
>>> poly_from_generators < poly_from_constraints
False
>>> poly_from_constraints.minimized_generators()
Generator_System {point(0/1, 0/1), point(0/1, 3/1), point(3/1, 0/1), point(3/1, 3/1)}
>>> poly_from_constraints.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {-x0+3>=0, -x1+3>=0, x0>=0, x1>=0}
As we see above, the library is generally easy to use. There are a few pitfalls that are not entirely obvious without consulting the documentation, in particular:
There are no vectors used to describe Generator (points, closure points, rays, lines) or Constraint (strict inequalities, non-strict inequalities, or equations). Coordinates are always specified via linear polynomials in Variable
All coordinates of rays and lines as well as all coefficients of constraint relations are (arbitrary precision) integers. Only the generators point() and closure_point() allow one to specify an overall divisor of the otherwise integral coordinates. For example:
>>> from ppl import Variable, point
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> p = point( 2*x+3*y, 5 ); p
point(2/5, 3/5)
>>> p.coefficient(x)
2
>>> p.coefficient(y)
3
>>> p.divisor()
5
PPL supports (topologically) closed polyhedra (C_Polyhedron) as well as not neccesarily closed polyhedra (NNC_Polyhedron). Only the latter allows closure points (=points of the closure but not of the actual polyhedron) and strict inequalities (> and <)
The naming convention for the C++ classes is that they start with PPL_, for example, the original Linear_Expression becomes PPL_Linear_Expression. The Python wrapper has the same name as the original library class, that is, just Linear_Expression. In short:
Finally, PPL is fast. For example, here is the permutahedron of 5 basis vectors:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Generator_System, point, C_Polyhedron
>>> basis = range(0,5)
>>> x = [ Variable(i) for i in basis ]
>>> gs = Generator_System();
>>> from itertools import permutations
>>> for coeff in permutations(basis):
... gs.insert(point( sum( (coeff[i]+1)*x[i] for i in basis ) ))
>>> C_Polyhedron(gs)
A 4-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^5 defined as the convex hull of 120 points
DIFFERENCES VS. C++
Since Python and C++ syntax are not always compatible, there are necessarily some differences. The main ones are:
AUTHORS:
Bases: ppl.Polyhedron
Wrapper for PPL’s C_Polyhedron class.
An object of the class C_Polyhedron represents a topologically closed convex polyhedron in the vector space. See NNC_Polyhedron for more general (not necessarily closed) polyhedra.
When building a closed polyhedron starting from a system of constraints, an exception is thrown if the system contains a strict inequality constraint. Similarly, an exception is thrown when building a closed polyhedron starting from a system of generators containing a closure point.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A C_Polyhedron.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Constraint, Constraint_System, Generator, Generator_System, Variable, C_Polyhedron, point, ray
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> C_Polyhedron( 5*x-2*y >= x+y-1 )
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point, 1 ray, 1 line
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x >= 0 )
>>> cs.insert( y >= 0 )
>>> C_Polyhedron(cs)
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point, 2 rays
>>> C_Polyhedron( point(x+y) )
A 0-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point
>>> gs = Generator_System()
>>> gs.insert( point(-x-y) )
>>> gs.insert( ray(x) )
>>> C_Polyhedron(gs)
A 1-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point, 1 ray
The empty and universe polyhedra are constructed like this:
>>> C_Polyhedron(3, 'empty')
The empty polyhedron in QQ^3
>>> C_Polyhedron(3, 'empty').constraints()
Constraint_System {-1==0}
>>> C_Polyhedron(3, 'universe')
The space-filling polyhedron in QQ^3
>>> C_Polyhedron(3, 'universe').constraints()
Constraint_System {}
Note that, by convention, the generator system of a polyhedron is either empty or contains at least one point. In particular, if you define a polyhedron via a non-empty Generator_System it must contain a point (at any position). If you start with a single generator, this generator must be a point:
>>> C_Polyhedron( ray(x) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::C_Polyhedron(gs):
*this is an empty polyhedron and
the non-empty generator system gs contains no points.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::C_Polyhedron(gs):
Bases: object
Wrapper for PPL’s Constraint class.
An object of the class Constraint is either:
where \(n\) is the dimension of the space, \(a_i\) is the integer coefficient of variable \(x_i\), and \(b_i\) is the integer inhomogeneous term.
INPUT/OUTPUT:
You construct constraints by writing inequalities in Linear_Expression. Do not attempt to manually construct constraints.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Constraint, Variable, Linear_Expression
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> 5*x-2*y > x+y-1
4*x0-3*x1+1>0
>>> 5*x-2*y >= x+y-1
4*x0-3*x1+1>=0
>>> 5*x-2*y == x+y-1
4*x0-3*x1+1==0
>>> 5*x-2*y <= x+y-1
-4*x0+3*x1-1>=0
>>> 5*x-2*y < x+y-1
-4*x0+3*x1-1>0
>>> x > 0
x0>0
Special care is needed if the left hand side is a constant:
>>> 0 == 1 # watch out!
False
>>> Linear_Expression(0) == 1
-1==0
Check if all the invariants are satisfied.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Linear_Expression, Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> ineq = (3*x+2*y+1>=0)
>>> ineq.OK()
True
Write an ASCII dump to stderr.
Examples:
>>> cmd = 'from ppl import Linear_Expression, Variable\n'
>>> cmd += 'x = Variable(0)\n'
>>> cmd += 'y = Variable(1)\n'
>>> cmd += 'e = (3*x+2*y+1 > 0)\n'
>>> cmd += 'e.ascii_dump()\n'
>>> import subprocess
>>> proc = subprocess.Popen(['python', '-c', cmd], stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> out, err = proc.communicate()
>>> print err
size 4 1 3 2 -1 > (NNC)
Return the coefficient of the variable v.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
An integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> ineq = 3*x+1 > 0
>>> ineq.coefficient(x)
3
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> ineq = 3**50 * y + 2 > 1
>>> ineq.coefficient(y)
717897987691852588770249L
>>> ineq.coefficient(x)
0
Return the coefficients of the constraint.
See also coefficient().
OUTPUT:
A tuple of integers of length space_dimension().
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> ineq = ( 3*x+5*y+1 == 2); ineq
3*x0+5*x1-1==0
>>> ineq.coefficients()
(3, 5)
Return the inhomogeneous term of the constraint.
OUTPUT:
Integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> ineq = 10+y > 9
>>> ineq
x1+1>0
>>> ineq.inhomogeneous_term()
1
>>> ineq = 2**66 + y > 0
>>> ineq.inhomogeneous_term()
73786976294838206464L
Test whether self is an equality.
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self is an equality constraint.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> (x==0).is_equality()
True
>>> (x>=0).is_equality()
False
>>> (x>0).is_equality()
False
Test whether self and c are equivalent.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self and c are equivalent constraints.
Note that constraints having different space dimensions are not equivalent. However, constraints having different types may nonetheless be equivalent, if they both are tautologies or inconsistent.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Linear_Expression
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> (x > 0).is_equivalent_to(Linear_Expression(0) < x)
True
>>> (x > 0).is_equivalent_to(0*y < x)
False
>>> (0*x > 1).is_equivalent_to(0*x == -2)
True
Test whether self is an inconsistent constraint, that is, always false.
An inconsistent constraint can have either one of the following forms:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self is an inconsistent constraint.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> (x==1).is_inconsistent()
False
>>> (0*x>=1).is_inconsistent()
True
Test whether self is an inequality.
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self is an inequality constraint, either strict or non-strict.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> (x==0).is_inequality()
False
>>> (x>=0).is_inequality()
True
>>> (x>0).is_inequality()
True
Test whether self is a non-strict inequality.
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self is an non-strict inequality constraint.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> (x==0).is_nonstrict_inequality()
False
>>> (x>=0).is_nonstrict_inequality()
True
>>> (x>0).is_nonstrict_inequality()
False
Test whether self is a strict inequality.
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self is an strict inequality constraint.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> (x==0).is_strict_inequality()
False
>>> (x>=0).is_strict_inequality()
False
>>> (x>0).is_strict_inequality()
True
Test whether self is a tautological constraint.
A tautology can have either one of the following forms:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self is a tautological constraint.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> (x==0).is_tautological()
False
>>> (0*x>=0).is_tautological()
True
Return the dimension of the vector space enclosing self.
OUTPUT:
Integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> (x>=0).space_dimension()
1
>>> (y==1).space_dimension()
2
Return the constraint type of self.
OUTPUT:
String. One of 'equality', 'nonstrict_inequality', or 'strict_inequality'.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> (x==0).type()
'equality'
>>> (x>=0).type()
'nonstrict_inequality'
>>> (x>0).type()
'strict_inequality'
Bases: ppl._mutable_or_immutable
Wrapper for PPL’s Constraint_System class.
An object of the class Constraint_System is a system of constraints, i.e., a multiset of objects of the class Constraint. When inserting constraints in a system, space dimensions are automatically adjusted so that all the constraints in the system are defined on the same vector space.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Constraint_System, Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System( 5*x-2*y > 0 )
>>> cs.insert( 6*x<3*y )
>>> cs.insert( x >= 2*x-7*y )
>>> cs
Constraint_System {5*x0-2*x1>0, -2*x0+x1>0, -x0+7*x1>=0}
Check if all the invariants are satisfied.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System( 3*x+2*y+1 <= 10 )
>>> cs.OK()
True
Write an ASCII dump to stderr.
Examples:
>>> cmd = 'from ppl import Constraint_System, Variable\n'
>>> cmd += 'x = Variable(0)\n'
>>> cmd += 'y = Variable(1)\n'
>>> cmd += 'cs = Constraint_System( 3*x > 2*y+1 )\n'
>>> cmd += 'cs.ascii_dump()\n'
>>> import subprocess
>>> proc = subprocess.Popen(['python', '-c', cmd], stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> out, err = proc.communicate()
>>> print err
topology NOT_NECESSARILY_CLOSED
1 x 2 SPARSE (sorted)
index_first_pending 1
size 4 -1 3 -2 -1 > (NNC)
Removes all constraints from the constraint system and sets its space dimension to 0.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> cs = Constraint_System(x>0)
>>> cs
Constraint_System {x0>0}
>>> cs.clear()
>>> cs
Constraint_System {}
Return True if and only if self has no constraints.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.empty()
True
>>> cs.insert( x>0 )
>>> cs.empty()
False
Tests whether self contains one or more equality constraints.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x>0 )
>>> cs.insert( x<0 )
>>> cs.has_equalities()
False
>>> cs.insert( x==0 )
>>> cs.has_equalities()
True
Tests whether self contains one or more strict inequality constraints.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x>=0 )
>>> cs.insert( x==-1 )
>>> cs.has_strict_inequalities()
False
>>> cs.insert( x>0 )
>>> cs.has_strict_inequalities()
True
Insert c into the constraint system.
INPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x>0 )
>>> cs
Constraint_System {x0>0}
Return the dimension of the vector space enclosing self.
OUTPUT:
Integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> cs = Constraint_System( x>0 )
>>> cs.space_dimension()
1
Bases: object
Wrapper for PPL’s Constraint_System::const_iterator class.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Constraint_System, Variable, Constraint_System_iterator
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System( 5*x < 2*y )
>>> cs.insert( 6*x-3*y==0 )
>>> cs.insert( x >= 2*x-7*y )
>>> next(Constraint_System_iterator(cs))
-5*x0+2*x1>0
>>> list(cs)
[-5*x0+2*x1>0, 2*x0-x1==0, -x0+7*x1>=0]
x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration
Bases: object
Wrapper for PPL’s Generator class.
An object of the class Generator is one of the following:
- a line \(\ell = (a_0, \dots, a_{n-1})^T\)
- a ray \(r = (a_0, \dots, a_{n-1})^T\)
- a point \(p = (\tfrac{a_0}{d}, \dots, \tfrac{a_{n-1}}{d})^T\)
- a closure point \(c = (\tfrac{a_0}{d}, \dots, \tfrac{a_{n-1}}{d})^T\)
where \(n\) is the dimension of the space and, for points and closure points, \(d\) is the divisor.
INPUT/OUTPUT:
Use the helper functions line(), ray(), point(), and closure_point() to construct generators. Analogous class methods are also available, see Generator.line(), Generator.ray(), Generator.point(), Generator.closure_point(). Do not attempt to construct generators manually.
Note
The generators are constructed from linear expressions. The inhomogeneous term is always silently discarded.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> Generator.line(5*x-2*y)
line(5, -2)
>>> Generator.ray(5*x-2*y)
ray(5, -2)
>>> Generator.point(5*x-2*y, 7)
point(5/7, -2/7)
>>> Generator.closure_point(5*x-2*y, 7)
closure_point(5/7, -2/7)
Check if all the invariants are satisfied.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Linear_Expression, Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> e = 3*x+2*y+1
>>> e.OK()
True
Write an ASCII dump to stderr.
Examples:
>>> cmd = 'from ppl import Linear_Expression, Variable, point\n'
>>> cmd += 'x = Variable(0)\n'
>>> cmd += 'y = Variable(1)\n'
>>> cmd += 'p = point(3*x+2*y)\n'
>>> cmd += 'p.ascii_dump()\n'
>>> import subprocess
>>> proc = subprocess.Popen(['python', '-c', cmd], stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> out, err = proc.communicate()
>>> print err
size 3 1 3 2 P (C)
Construct a closure point.
A closure point is a point of the topological closure of a polyhedron that is not a point of the polyhedron itself.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A new Generator representing the point.
Raises a ValueError` if ``divisor==0.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> Generator.closure_point(2*y+7, 3)
closure_point(0/3, 2/3)
>>> Generator.closure_point(y+7, 3)
closure_point(0/3, 1/3)
>>> Generator.closure_point(7, 3)
closure_point()
>>> Generator.closure_point(0, 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::closure_point(e, d):
d == 0.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::closure_point(e, d):
Return the coefficient of the variable v.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
An integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, line
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> line = line(3*x+1)
>>> line
line(1)
>>> line.coefficient(x)
1
Return the coefficients of the generator.
See also coefficient().
OUTPUT:
A tuple of integers of length space_dimension().
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, point
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> p = point(3*x+5*y+1, 2); p
point(3/2, 5/2)
>>> p.coefficients()
(3, 5)
If self is either a point or a closure point, return its divisor.
OUTPUT:
An integer. If self is a ray or a line, raises ValueError.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> point = Generator.point(2*x-y+5)
>>> point.divisor()
1
>>> line = Generator.line(2*x-y+5)
>>> line.divisor()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::Generator::divisor():
*this is neither a point nor a closure point.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::Generator::divisor():
Test whether self is a closure point.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, point, closure_point, ray, line
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> line(x).is_closure_point()
False
>>> ray(x).is_closure_point()
False
>>> point(x,2).is_closure_point()
False
>>> closure_point(x,2).is_closure_point()
True
Test whether self and g are equivalent.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self and g are equivalent generators.
Note that generators having different space dimensions are not equivalent.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable, point, line
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> point(2*x , 2).is_equivalent_to( point(x) )
True
>>> point(2*x+0*y, 2).is_equivalent_to( point(x) )
False
>>> line(4*x).is_equivalent_to(line(x))
True
Test whether self is a line.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, point, closure_point, ray, line
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> line(x).is_line()
True
>>> ray(x).is_line()
False
>>> point(x,2).is_line()
False
>>> closure_point(x,2).is_line()
False
Test whether self is a line or a ray.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, point, closure_point, ray, line
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> line(x).is_line_or_ray()
True
>>> ray(x).is_line_or_ray()
True
>>> point(x,2).is_line_or_ray()
False
>>> closure_point(x,2).is_line_or_ray()
False
Test whether self is a point.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, point, closure_point, ray, line
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> line(x).is_point()
False
>>> ray(x).is_point()
False
>>> point(x,2).is_point()
True
>>> closure_point(x,2).is_point()
False
Test whether self is a ray.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, point, closure_point, ray, line
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> line(x).is_ray()
False
>>> ray(x).is_ray()
True
>>> point(x,2).is_ray()
False
>>> closure_point(x,2).is_ray()
False
Construct a line.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A new Generator representing the line.
Raises a ValueError` if the homogeneous part of ``expression represents the origin of the vector space.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> Generator.line(2*y)
line(0, 1)
>>> Generator.line(y)
line(0, 1)
>>> Generator.line(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::line(e):
e == 0, but the origin cannot be a line.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::line(e):
Construct a point.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A new Generator representing the point.
Raises a ValueError` if ``divisor==0.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> Generator.point(2*y+7, 3)
point(0/3, 2/3)
>>> Generator.point(y+7, 3)
point(0/3, 1/3)
>>> Generator.point(7, 3)
point()
>>> Generator.point(0, 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::point(e, d):
d == 0.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::point(e, d):
Construct a ray.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A new Generator representing the ray.
Raises a ValueError` if the homogeneous part of ``expression represents the origin of the vector space.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> Generator.ray(2*y)
ray(0, 1)
>>> Generator.ray(y)
ray(0, 1)
>>> Generator.ray(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::ray(e):
e == 0, but the origin cannot be a ray.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::ray(e):
Return the dimension of the vector space enclosing self.
OUTPUT:
Integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> point(x).space_dimension()
1
>>> point(y).space_dimension()
2
Return the generator type of self.
OUTPUT:
String. One of 'line', 'ray', 'point', or 'closure_point'.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, point, closure_point, ray, line
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> line(x).type()
'line'
>>> ray(x).type()
'ray'
>>> point(x,2).type()
'point'
>>> closure_point(x,2).type()
'closure_point'
Bases: ppl._mutable_or_immutable
Wrapper for PPL’s Generator_System class.
An object of the class Generator_System is a system of generators, i.e., a multiset of objects of the class Generator (lines, rays, points and closure points). When inserting generators in a system, space dimensions are automatically adjusted so that all the generators in the system are defined on the same vector space. A system of generators which is meant to define a non-empty polyhedron must include at least one point: the reason is that lines, rays and closure points need a supporting point (lines and rays only specify directions while closure points only specify points in the topological closure of the NNC polyhedron).
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator_System, Variable, line, ray, point, closure_point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> gs = Generator_System(line(5*x-2*y))
>>> gs.insert(ray(6*x-3*y))
>>> gs.insert(point(2*x-7*y, 5))
>>> gs.insert(closure_point(9*x-1*y, 2))
>>> gs
Generator_System {line(5, -2), ray(2, -1), point(2/5, -7/5), closure_point(9/2, -1/2)}
Check if all the invariants are satisfied.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Generator_System, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> gs = Generator_System( point(3*x+2*y+1) )
>>> gs.OK()
True
Write an ASCII dump to stderr.
Examples:
>>> cmd = 'from ppl import Generator_System, point, Variable\n'
>>> cmd += 'x = Variable(0)\n'
>>> cmd += 'y = Variable(1)\n'
>>> cmd += 'gs = Generator_System( point(3*x+2*y+1) )\n'
>>> cmd += 'gs.ascii_dump()\n'
>>> import subprocess
>>> proc = subprocess.Popen(['python', '-c', cmd], stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> out, err = proc.communicate()
>>> print err
topology NECESSARILY_CLOSED
1 x 2 SPARSE (sorted)
index_first_pending 1
size 3 1 3 2 P (C)
Removes all generators from the generator system and sets its space dimension to 0.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Generator_System, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> gs = Generator_System( point(3*x) ); gs
Generator_System {point(3/1)}
>>> gs.clear()
>>> gs
Generator_System {}
Return True if and only if self has no generators.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Generator_System, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> gs = Generator_System()
>>> gs.empty()
True
>>> gs.insert( point(-3*x) )
>>> gs.empty()
False
Insert g into the generator system.
The number of space dimensions of self is increased, if needed.
INPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Generator_System, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> gs = Generator_System( point(3*x) )
>>> gs.insert( point(-3*x) )
>>> gs
Generator_System {point(3/1), point(-3/1)}
Return the dimension of the vector space enclosing self.
OUTPUT:
Integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Generator_System, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> gs = Generator_System( point(3*x) )
>>> gs.space_dimension()
1
Bases: object
Wrapper for PPL’s Generator_System::const_iterator class.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator_System, Variable, line, ray, point, closure_point, Generator_System_iterator
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> gs = Generator_System( line(5*x-2*y) )
>>> gs.insert( ray(6*x-3*y) )
>>> gs.insert( point(2*x-7*y, 5) )
>>> gs.insert( closure_point(9*x-1*y, 2) )
>>> next(Generator_System_iterator(gs))
line(5, -2)
>>> list(gs)
[line(5, -2), ray(2, -1), point(2/5, -7/5), closure_point(9/2, -1/2)]
x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration
Bases: object
Wrapper for PPL’s PPL_Linear_Expression class.
INPUT:
The constructor accepts zero, one, or two arguments.
If there are two arguments Linear_Expression(a,b), they are interpreted as
A single argument Linear_Expression(arg) is interpreted as
No argument is the default constructor and returns the zero linear expression.
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Linear_Expression
>>> Linear_Expression([1,2,3,4],5)
x0+2*x1+3*x2+4*x3+5
>>> Linear_Expression(10)
10
>>> Linear_Expression()
0
>>> Linear_Expression(10).inhomogeneous_term()
10
>>> x = Variable(123)
>>> expr = x+1; expr
x123+1
>>> expr.OK()
True
>>> expr.coefficient(x)
1
>>> expr.coefficient( Variable(124) )
0
Check if all the invariants are satisfied.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Linear_Expression, Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> e = 3*x+2*y+1
>>> e.OK()
True
Test if self is a constant linear expression.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Linear_Expression
>>> Linear_Expression(10).all_homogeneous_terms_are_zero()
True
Write an ASCII dump to stderr.
Examples:
>>> cmd = 'from ppl import Linear_Expression, Variable\n'
>>> cmd += 'x = Variable(0)\n'
>>> cmd += 'y = Variable(1)\n'
>>> cmd += 'e = 3*x+2*y+1\n'
>>> cmd += 'e.ascii_dump()\n'
>>> import subprocess
>>> proc = subprocess.Popen(['python', '-c', cmd], stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> out, err = proc.communicate()
>>> print err
size 3 1 3 2
Return the coefficient of the variable v.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
An integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> e = 3*x+1
>>> e.coefficient(x)
3
Return the coefficients of the linear expression.
OUTPUT:
A tuple of integers of length space_dimension().
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> e = 3*x+5*y+1
>>> e.coefficients()
(3, 5)
Return the inhomogeneous term of the linear expression.
OUTPUT:
Integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Linear_Expression
>>> Linear_Expression(10).inhomogeneous_term()
10
Test if self is the zero linear expression.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Linear_Expression
>>> Linear_Expression(0).is_zero()
True
>>> Linear_Expression(10).is_zero()
False
Return the dimension of the vector space necessary for the linear expression.
OUTPUT:
Integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> (x+y+1).space_dimension()
2
>>> (x+y).space_dimension()
2
>>> (y+1).space_dimension()
2
>>> (x+1).space_dimension()
1
>>> (y+1-y).space_dimension()
2
Bases: ppl._mutable_or_immutable
wrapper for PPL’s MIP_Problem class
An object of the class MIP_Problem represents a Mixed Integer (Linear) Program problem.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A MIP_Problem.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert(x >= 0)
>>> cs.insert(y >= 0)
>>> cs.insert(3 * x + 5 * y <= 10)
>>> m = MIP_Problem(2, cs, x + y)
>>> m
MIP Problem (maximization, 2 variables, 3 constraints)
>>> m.optimal_value()
Fraction(10, 3)
>>> float(_)
3.3333333333333335
>>> m.optimizing_point()
point(10/3, 0/3)
Check if all the invariants are satisfied.
OUTPUT:
True if and only if self satisfies all the invariants.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> m = MIP_Problem()
>>> m.add_space_dimensions_and_embed(2)
>>> m.add_constraint(x >= 0)
>>> m.OK()
True
Adds a copy of constraint c to the MIP problem.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> m = MIP_Problem()
>>> m.add_space_dimensions_and_embed(2)
>>> m.add_constraint(x >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(y >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(3 * x + 5 * y <= 10)
>>> m.set_objective_function(x + y)
>>> m.optimal_value()
Fraction(10, 3)
Tests:
>>> z = Variable(2)
>>> m.add_constraint(z >= -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::add_constraint(c):
c.space_dimension() == 3 exceeds this->space_dimension == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::add_constraint(c):
Adds a copy of the constraints in cs to the MIP problem.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert(x >= 0)
>>> cs.insert(y >= 0)
>>> cs.insert(3 * x + 5 * y <= 10)
>>> m = MIP_Problem(2)
>>> m.set_objective_function(x + y)
>>> m.add_constraints(cs)
>>> m.optimal_value()
Fraction(10, 3)
Tests:
>>> p = Variable(9)
>>> cs.insert(p >= -3)
>>> m.add_constraints(cs)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::add_constraints(cs):
cs.space_dimension() == 10 exceeds this->space_dimension() == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::add_constraints(cs):
Adds m new space dimensions and embeds the old MIP problem in the new vector space.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x >= 0)
>>> cs.insert( y >= 0 )
>>> cs.insert( 3 * x + 5 * y <= 10 )
>>> m = MIP_Problem(2, cs, x + y)
>>> m.add_space_dimensions_and_embed(5)
>>> m.space_dimension()
7
Reset the MIP_Problem to be equal to the trivial MIP_Problem.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x >= 0)
>>> cs.insert( y >= 0 )
>>> cs.insert( 3 * x + 5 * y <= 10 )
>>> m = MIP_Problem(2, cs, x + y)
>>> m.objective_function()
x0+x1
>>> m.clear()
>>> m.objective_function()
0
Return the constraints of this MIP
The output is an instance of Constraint_System.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> M = MIP_Problem(2)
>>> M.add_constraint(x + y <= 5)
>>> M.add_constraint(3*x - 18*y >= -2)
>>> M.constraints()
Constraint_System {-x0-x1+5>=0, 3*x0-18*x1+2>=0}
Note that modifying the output of this method will not modify the underlying MIP problem object:
>>> cs = M.constraints()
>>> cs.insert(x <= 3)
>>> cs
Constraint_System {-x0-x1+5>=0, 3*x0-18*x1+2>=0, -x0+3>=0}
>>> M.constraints()
Constraint_System {-x0-x1+5>=0, 3*x0-18*x1+2>=0}
Return the result of evaluating the objective function on evaluating_point. ValueError thrown if self and evaluating_point are dimension-incompatible or if the generator evaluating_point is not a point.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem, Generator
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> m = MIP_Problem()
>>> m.add_space_dimensions_and_embed(2)
>>> m.add_constraint(x >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(y >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(3 * x + 5 * y <= 10)
>>> m.set_objective_function(x + y)
>>> g = Generator.point(5 * x - 2 * y, 7)
>>> m.evaluate_objective_function(g)
Fraction(3, 7)
>>> z = Variable(2)
>>> g = Generator.point(5 * x - 2 * z, 7)
>>> m.evaluate_objective_function(g)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::evaluate_objective_function(p, n, d):
*this and p are dimension incompatible.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::evaluate_objective_function(p, n, d):
Check if the MIP_Problem is satisfiable
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> m = MIP_Problem()
>>> m.add_space_dimensions_and_embed(2)
>>> m.add_constraint(x >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(y >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(3 * x + 5 * y <= 10)
>>> m.is_satisfiable()
True
Return the optimal value of the MIP_Problem.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x >= 0)
>>> cs.insert( y >= 0 )
>>> cs.insert( 3 * x + 5 * y <= 10 )
>>> m = MIP_Problem(2, cs, x + y)
>>> m.objective_function()
x0+x1
Return the optimal value of the MIP_Problem. ValueError thrown if self does not have an optimizing point, i.e., if the MIP problem is unbounded or not satisfiable.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x >= 0 )
>>> cs.insert( y >= 0 )
>>> cs.insert( 3 * x + 5 * y <= 10 )
>>> m = MIP_Problem(2, cs, x + y)
>>> m.optimal_value()
Fraction(10, 3)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x >= 0 )
>>> m = MIP_Problem(1, cs, x + x )
>>> m.optimal_value()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::optimizing_point():
*this does not have an optimizing point.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::optimizing_point():
Return the optimization mode used in the MIP_Problem.
It will return “maximization” if the MIP_Problem was set to MAXIMIZATION mode, and “minimization” otherwise.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import MIP_Problem
>>> m = MIP_Problem()
>>> m.optimization_mode()
'maximization'
Returns an optimal point for the MIP_Problem, if it exists.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> m = MIP_Problem()
>>> m.add_space_dimensions_and_embed(2)
>>> m.add_constraint(x >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(y >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(3 * x + 5 * y <= 10)
>>> m.set_objective_function(x + y)
>>> m.optimizing_point()
point(10/3, 0/3)
Sets the objective function to obj.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> m = MIP_Problem()
>>> m.add_space_dimensions_and_embed(2)
>>> m.add_constraint(x >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(y >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(3 * x + 5 * y <= 10)
>>> m.set_objective_function(x + y)
>>> m.optimal_value()
Fraction(10, 3)
Tests:
>>> z = Variable(2)
>>> m.set_objective_function(x + y + z)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::set_objective_function(obj):
obj.space_dimension() == 3 exceeds this->space_dimension == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::MIP_Problem::set_objective_function(obj):
Sets the optimization mode to mode.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import MIP_Problem
>>> m = MIP_Problem()
>>> m.optimization_mode()
'maximization'
>>> m.set_optimization_mode('minimization')
>>> m.optimization_mode()
'minimization'
Tests:
>>> m.set_optimization_mode('max')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Unknown value: mode=max.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Unknown value: mode=max.
Optimizes the MIP_Problem
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> m = MIP_Problem()
>>> m.add_space_dimensions_and_embed(2)
>>> m.add_constraint(x >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(y >= 0)
>>> m.add_constraint(3 * x + 5 * y <= 10)
>>> m.set_objective_function(x + y)
>>> m.solve()
{'status': 'optimized'}
Return the space dimension of the MIP_Problem.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, Constraint_System, MIP_Problem
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x >= 0)
>>> cs.insert( y >= 0 )
>>> cs.insert( 3 * x + 5 * y <= 10 )
>>> m = MIP_Problem(2, cs, x + y)
>>> m.space_dimension()
2
Bases: object
Wrapper for PPL’s Constraint_System::const_iterator class.
x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration
Bases: ppl.Polyhedron
Wrapper for PPL’s NNC_Polyhedron class.
An object of the class NNC_Polyhedron represents a not necessarily closed (NNC) convex polyhedron in the vector space.
Note: Since NNC polyhedra are a generalization of closed polyhedra, any object of the class C_Polyhedron can be (explicitly) converted into an object of the class NNC_Polyhedron. The reason for defining two different classes is that objects of the class C_Polyhedron are characterized by a more efficient implementation, requiring less time and memory resources.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A C_Polyhedron.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Constraint, Constraint_System, Generator, Generator_System, Variable, NNC_Polyhedron, point, ray, closure_point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> NNC_Polyhedron( 5*x-2*y > x+y-1 )
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point, 1 closure_point, 1 ray, 1 line
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x > 0 )
>>> cs.insert( y > 0 )
>>> NNC_Polyhedron(cs)
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point, 1 closure_point, 2 rays
>>> NNC_Polyhedron( point(x+y) )
A 0-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point
>>> gs = Generator_System()
>>> gs.insert( point(-y) )
>>> gs.insert( closure_point(-x-y) )
>>> gs.insert( ray(x) )
>>> p = NNC_Polyhedron(gs); p
A 1-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point, 1 closure_point, 1 ray
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {x1+1==0, x0+1>0}
Note that, by convention, every polyhedron must contain a point:
>>> NNC_Polyhedron( closure_point(x+y) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::NNC_Polyhedron::NNC_Polyhedron(gs):
*this is an empty polyhedron and
the non-empty generator system gs contains no points.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::NNC_Polyhedron::NNC_Polyhedron(gs):
Bases: object
Wrapper for PPL’s Poly_Con_Relation class.
INPUT/OUTPUT:
You must not construct Poly_Con_Relation objects manually. You will usually get them from relation_with(). You can also get pre-defined relations from the class methods nothing(), is_disjoint(), strictly_intersects(), is_included(), and saturates().
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Con_Relation
>>> saturates = Poly_Con_Relation.saturates(); saturates
saturates
>>> is_included = Poly_Con_Relation.is_included(); is_included
is_included
>>> is_included.implies(saturates)
False
>>> saturates.implies(is_included)
False
>>> rels = []
>>> rels.append(Poly_Con_Relation.nothing())
>>> rels.append(Poly_Con_Relation.is_disjoint())
>>> rels.append(Poly_Con_Relation.strictly_intersects())
>>> rels.append(Poly_Con_Relation.is_included())
>>> rels.append(Poly_Con_Relation.saturates())
>>> rels
[nothing, is_disjoint, strictly_intersects, is_included, saturates]
>>> for i, rel_i in enumerate(rels):
... for j, rel_j in enumerate(rels):
... print int(rel_i.implies(rel_j)),
... print
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
Check if all the invariants are satisfied.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Con_Relation
>>> Poly_Con_Relation.nothing().OK()
True
Write an ASCII dump to stderr.
Examples:
>>> cmd = 'from ppl import Poly_Con_Relation\n'
>>> cmd += 'Poly_Con_Relation.nothing().ascii_dump()\n'
>>> import subprocess
>>> proc = subprocess.Popen(['python', '-c', cmd], stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> out, err = proc.communicate()
>>> print err
NOTHING
Test whether self implies y.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. True if and only if self implies y.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Con_Relation
>>> nothing = Poly_Con_Relation.nothing()
>>> nothing.implies( nothing )
True
Return the assertion “The polyhedron and the set of points satisfying the constraint are disjoint”.
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Con_Relation
>>> Poly_Con_Relation.is_disjoint()
is_disjoint
Return the assertion “The polyhedron is included in the set of points satisfying the constraint”.
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Con_Relation
>>> Poly_Con_Relation.is_included()
is_included
Return the assertion that says nothing.
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Con_Relation
>>> Poly_Con_Relation.nothing()
nothing
Return the assertion “”.
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Con_Relation
>>> Poly_Con_Relation.saturates()
saturates
Return the assertion “The polyhedron intersects the set of points satisfying the constraint, but it is not included in it”.
| Returns: | a Poly_Con_Relation. |
|---|
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Con_Relation
>>> Poly_Con_Relation.strictly_intersects()
strictly_intersects
Bases: object
Wrapper for PPL’s Poly_Con_Relation class.
INPUT/OUTPUT:
You must not construct Poly_Gen_Relation objects manually. You will usually get them from relation_with(). You can also get pre-defined relations from the class methods nothing() and subsumes().
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Gen_Relation
>>> nothing = Poly_Gen_Relation.nothing(); nothing
nothing
>>> subsumes = Poly_Gen_Relation.subsumes(); subsumes
subsumes
>>> nothing.implies( subsumes )
False
>>> subsumes.implies( nothing )
True
Check if all the invariants are satisfied.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Gen_Relation
>>> Poly_Gen_Relation.nothing().OK()
True
Write an ASCII dump to stderr.
Examples:
>>> cmd = 'from ppl import Poly_Gen_Relation\n'
>>> cmd += 'Poly_Gen_Relation.nothing().ascii_dump()\n'
>>> import subprocess
>>> proc = subprocess.Popen(['python', '-c', cmd], stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> out, err = proc.communicate()
>>> print err
NOTHING
>>> proc.returncode
0
Test whether self implies y.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. True if and only if self implies y.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Gen_Relation
>>> nothing = Poly_Gen_Relation.nothing()
>>> nothing.implies( nothing )
True
Return the assertion that says nothing.
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Gen_Relation
>>> Poly_Gen_Relation.nothing()
nothing
Return the assertion “Adding the generator would not change the polyhedron”.
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Poly_Gen_Relation
>>> Poly_Gen_Relation.subsumes()
subsumes
Bases: ppl._mutable_or_immutable
Wrapper for PPL’s Polyhedron class.
An object of the class Polyhedron represents a convex polyhedron in the vector space.
A polyhedron can be specified as either a finite system of constraints or a finite system of generators (see Section Representations of Convex Polyhedra) and it is always possible to obtain either representation. That is, if we know the system of constraints, we can obtain from this the system of generators that define the same polyhedron and vice versa. These systems can contain redundant members: in this case we say that they are not in the minimal form.
INPUT/OUTPUT:
This is an abstract base for C_Polyhedron and NNC_Polyhedron. You cannot instantiate this class.
Check if all the invariants are satisfied.
The check is performed so as to intrude as little as possible. If the library has been compiled with run-time assertions enabled, error messages are written on std::cerr in case invariants are violated. This is useful for the purpose of debugging the library.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
True if and only if self satisfies all the invariants and either check_not_empty is False or self is not empty.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Linear_Expression, Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> e = 3*x+2*y+1
>>> e.OK()
True
Add a constraint to the polyhedron.
Adds a copy of constraint c to the system of constraints of self, without minimizing the result.
See alse add_constraints().
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method modifies the polyhedron self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and the constraint c are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( y>=0 )
>>> p.add_constraint( x>=0 )
We just added a 1-d constraint to a 2-d polyhedron, this is fine. The other way is not:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( x>=0 )
>>> p.add_constraint( y>=0 )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_constraint(c):
this->space_dimension() == 1, c.space_dimension() == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_constraint(c):
The constraint must also be topology-compatible, that is, C_Polyhedron only allows non-strict inequalities:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( x>=0 )
>>> p.add_constraint( x< 1 )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_constraint(c):
c is a strict inequality.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_constraint(c):
Add constraints to the polyhedron.
Adds a copy of constraints in cs to the system of constraints of self, without minimizing the result.
See alse add_constraint().
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method modifies the polyhedron self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and the constraints in cs are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, Constraint_System
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert(x>=0)
>>> cs.insert(y>=0)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( y<=1 )
>>> p.add_constraints(cs)
We just added a 1-d constraint to a 2-d polyhedron, this is fine. The other way is not:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( x<=1 )
>>> p.add_constraints(cs)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_recycled_constraints(cs):
this->space_dimension() == 1, cs.space_dimension() == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_recycled_constraints(cs):
The constraints must also be topology-compatible, that is, C_Polyhedron only allows non-strict inequalities:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( x>=0 )
>>> p.add_constraints( Constraint_System(x<0) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_recycled_constraints(cs):
cs contains strict inequalities.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_recycled_constraints(cs):
Add a generator to the polyhedron.
Adds a copy of constraint c to the system of generators of self, without minimizing the result.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method modifies the polyhedron self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and the generator g are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible, or if self is an empty polyhedron and g is not a point.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point, closure_point, ray
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(1, 'empty')
>>> p.add_generator( point(0*x) )
We just added a 1-d generator to a 2-d polyhedron, this is fine. The other way is not:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(1, 'empty')
>>> p.add_generator( point(0*y) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_generator(g):
this->space_dimension() == 1, g.space_dimension() == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_generator(g):
The constraint must also be topology-compatible, that is, C_Polyhedron does not allow closure_point() generators:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(0*x+0*y) )
>>> p.add_generator( closure_point(0*x) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_generator(g):
g is a closure point.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_generator(g):
Finally, ever non-empty polyhedron must have at least one point generator:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(3, 'empty')
>>> p.add_generator( ray(x) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_generator(g):
*this is an empty polyhedron and g is not a point.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_generator(g):
Add generators to the polyhedron.
Adds a copy of the generators in gs to the system of generators of self, without minimizing the result.
See alse add_generator().
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method modifies the polyhedron self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and one of the generators in gs are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible, or if self is an empty polyhedron and gs does not contain a point.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, Generator_System, point, ray, closure_point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> gs = Generator_System()
>>> gs.insert(point(0*x+0*y))
>>> gs.insert(point(1*x+1*y))
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(2, 'empty')
>>> p.add_generators(gs)
We just added a 1-d constraint to a 2-d polyhedron, this is fine. The other way is not:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(1, 'empty')
>>> p.add_generators(gs)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_recycled_generators(gs):
this->space_dimension() == 1, gs.space_dimension() == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_recycled_generators(gs):
The constraints must also be topology-compatible, that is, C_Polyhedron does not allow closure_point() generators:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(0*x+0*y) )
>>> p.add_generators( Generator_System(closure_point(x) ))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_recycled_generators(gs):
gs contains closure points.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_recycled_generators(gs):
Add m new space dimensions and embed self in the new vector space.
The new space dimensions will be those having the highest indexes in the new polyhedron, which is characterized by a system of constraints in which the variables running through the new dimensions are not constrained. For instance, when starting from the polyhedron P and adding a third space dimension, the result will be the polyhedron
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method assigns the embedded polyhedron to self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if adding m new space dimensions would cause the vector space to exceed dimension self.max_space_dimension().
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(3*x) )
>>> p.add_space_dimensions_and_embed(1)
>>> p.minimized_generators()
Generator_System {line(0, 1), point(3/1, 0/1)}
>>> p.add_space_dimensions_and_embed( p.max_space_dimension() )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_space_dimensions_and_embed(m):
adding m new space dimensions exceeds the maximum allowed space dimension.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_space_dimensions_and_embed(m):
Add m new space dimensions and embed self in the new vector space.
The new space dimensions will be those having the highest indexes in the new polyhedron, which is characterized by a system of constraints in which the variables running through the new dimensions are all constrained to be equal to 0. For instance, when starting from the polyhedron P and adding a third space dimension, the result will be the polyhedron
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method assigns the projected polyhedron to self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if adding m new space dimensions would cause the vector space to exceed dimension self.max_space_dimension().
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(3*x) )
>>> p.add_space_dimensions_and_project(1)
>>> p.minimized_generators()
Generator_System {point(3/1, 0/1)}
>>> p.add_space_dimensions_and_project( p.max_space_dimension() )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_space_dimensions_and_project(m):
adding m new space dimensions exceeds the maximum allowed space dimension.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::add_space_dimensions_and_project(m):
Return the affine dimension of self.
OUTPUT:
An integer. Returns 0 if self is empty. Otherwise, returns the affine dimension of self.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( 5*x-2*y == x+y-1 )
>>> p.affine_dimension()
1
Write an ASCII dump to stderr.
Examples:
>>> cmd = 'from ppl import C_Polyhedron, Variable\n'
>>> cmd += 'x = Variable(0)\n'
>>> cmd += 'y = Variable(1)\n'
>>> cmd += 'p = C_Polyhedron(3*x+2*y==1)\n'
>>> cmd += 'p.minimized_generators()\n'
>>> cmd += 'p.ascii_dump()\n'
>>> import subprocess
>>> proc = subprocess.Popen(['python', '-c', cmd], stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> out, err = proc.communicate()
>>> err
'space_dim 2\n-ZE -EM +CM +GM +CS +GS -CP -GP -SC +SG \ncon_sys (up-to-date)\ntopology NECESSARILY_CLOSED\n2 x 2 SPARSE (sorted)\nindex_first_pending 2\nsize 3 -1 3 2 = (C)\nsize 3 1 0 0 >= (C)\n\ngen_sys (up-to-date)\ntopology NECESSARILY_CLOSED\n2 x 2 DENSE (not_sorted)\nindex_first_pending 2\nsize 3 0 2 -3 L (C)\nsize 3 2 0 1 P (C)\n\nsat_c\n0 x 0\n\nsat_g\n2 x 2\n0 0 \n0 1 \n\n'
Test whether the expr is bounded from above.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if expr is bounded from above in self.
Raises a ValueError if expr and this are dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, Linear_Expression
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(y<=0)
>>> p.bounds_from_above(x+1)
False
>>> p.bounds_from_above(Linear_Expression(y))
True
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(x<=0)
>>> p.bounds_from_above(y+1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::bounds_from_above(e):
this->space_dimension() == 1, e.space_dimension() == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::bounds_from_above(e):
Test whether the expr is bounded from above.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if expr is bounded from above in self.
Raises a ValueError if expr and this are dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, Linear_Expression
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(y>=0)
>>> p.bounds_from_below(x+1)
False
>>> p.bounds_from_below(Linear_Expression(y))
True
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(x<=0)
>>> p.bounds_from_below(y+1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::bounds_from_below(e):
this->space_dimension() == 1, e.space_dimension() == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::bounds_from_below(e):
Assign to self the concatenation of self and y.
This functions returns the Cartiesian product of self and y.
Viewing a polyhedron as a set of tuples (its points), it is sometimes useful to consider the set of tuples obtained by concatenating an ordered pair of polyhedra. Formally, the concatenation of the polyhedra P and Q (taken in this order) is the polyhedron such that
Another way of seeing it is as follows: first embed polyhedron P into a vector space of dimension n+m and then add a suitably renamed-apart version of the constraints defining Q.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method assigns the concatenated polyhedron to self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and y are topology-incompatible or if adding y.space_dimension() new space dimensions would cause the vector space to exceed dimension self.max_space_dimension().
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, NNC_Polyhedron, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> p1 = C_Polyhedron( point(1*x) )
>>> p2 = C_Polyhedron( point(2*x) )
>>> p1.concatenate_assign(p2)
>>> p1.minimized_generators()
Generator_System {point(1/1, 2/1)}
The polyhedra must be topology-compatible and not exceed the maximum space dimension:
>>> p1.concatenate_assign( NNC_Polyhedron(1, 'universe') )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::concatenate_assign(y):
y is a NNC_Polyhedron.
>>> p1.concatenate_assign( C_Polyhedron(p1.max_space_dimension(), 'empty') )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::concatenate_assign(y):
concatenation exceeds the maximum allowed space dimension.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::concatenate_assign(y):
Test whether var is constrained in self.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if var is constrained in self.
Raises a ValueError if var is not a space dimension of self.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(1, 'universe')
>>> p.constrains(x)
False
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(x>=0)
>>> p.constrains(x)
True
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p.constrains(y)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::constrains(v):
this->space_dimension() == 1, v.space_dimension() == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::constrains(v):
Returns the system of constraints.
See also minimized_constraints().
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(y >= 0)
>>> p.add_constraint(x >= 0)
>>> p.add_constraint(x+y >= 0)
>>> p.constraints()
Constraint_System {x1>=0, x0>=0, x0+x1>=0}
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {x1>=0, x0>=0}
Test whether self contains y.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self contains y.
Raises a ValueError if self and y are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p0 = C_Polyhedron( x>=0 )
>>> p1 = C_Polyhedron( x>=1 )
>>> p0.contains(p1)
True
>>> p1.contains(p0)
False
Errors are raised if the dimension or topology is not compatible:
>>> p0.contains(C_Polyhedron(y>=0))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::contains(y):
this->space_dimension() == 1, y.space_dimension() == 2.
>>> p0.contains(NNC_Polyhedron(x>0))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::contains(y):
y is a NNC_Polyhedron.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::contains(y):
Test whether self contains an integer point.
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self contains an integer point.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> p = NNC_Polyhedron(x>0)
>>> p.add_constraint(x<1)
>>> p.contains_integer_point()
False
>>> p.topological_closure_assign()
>>> p.contains_integer_point()
True
Assign to self the poly-difference of self and y.
For any pair of NNC polyhedra P_1 and P_2 the convex polyhedral difference (or poly-difference) of P_1 and P_2 is defined as the smallest convex polyhedron containing the set-theoretic difference P_1setminus P_2 of P_1 and P_2.
In general, even if P_1 and P_2 are topologically closed polyhedra, their poly-difference may be a convex polyhedron that is not topologically closed. For this reason, when computing the poly-difference of two C_Polyhedron, the library will enforce the topological closure of the result.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method assigns the poly-difference to self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and and y are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point, closure_point, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> p = NNC_Polyhedron( point(0*x) )
>>> p.add_generator( point(1*x) )
>>> p.poly_difference_assign(NNC_Polyhedron( point(0*x) ))
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {-x0+1>=0, x0>0}
The poly-difference of C_polyhedron is really its closure:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(0*x) )
>>> p.add_generator( point(1*x) )
>>> p.poly_difference_assign(C_Polyhedron( point(0*x) ))
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {x0>=0, -x0+1>=0}
self and y must be dimension- and topology-compatible, or an exception is raised:
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p.poly_difference_assign( C_Polyhedron(y>=0) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_difference_assign(y):
this->space_dimension() == 1, y.space_dimension() == 2.
>>> p.poly_difference_assign( NNC_Polyhedron(x+y<1) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_difference_assign(y):
y is a NNC_Polyhedron.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_difference_assign(y):
Possibly tighten self by dropping some points with non-integer coordinates.
The modified polyhedron satisfies:
Note
The modified polyhedron is not neccessarily a lattice polyhedron; Some vertices will, in general, still be rational. Lattice points interior to the polyhedron may be lost in the process.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, NNC_Polyhedron, Constraint_System
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x>=0 )
>>> cs.insert( y>=0 )
>>> cs.insert( 3*x+2*y<5 )
>>> p = NNC_Polyhedron(cs)
>>> p.minimized_generators()
Generator_System {point(0/1, 0/1), closure_point(0/2, 5/2), closure_point(5/3, 0/3)}
>>> p.drop_some_non_integer_points()
>>> p.minimized_generators()
Generator_System {point(0/1, 0/1), point(0/1, 2/1), point(4/3, 0/3)}
Returns the system of generators.
See also minimized_generators().
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(3,'empty')
>>> p.add_generator(point(-x-y))
>>> p.add_generator(point(0))
>>> p.add_generator(point(+x+y))
>>> p.generators()
Generator_System {point(-1/1, -1/1, 0/1), point(0/1, 0/1, 0/1), point(1/1, 1/1, 0/1)}
>>> p.minimized_generators()
Generator_System {point(-1/1, -1/1, 0/1), point(1/1, 1/1, 0/1)}
Assign to self the intersection of self and y.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method assigns the intersection to self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and and y are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( 1*x+0*y >= 0 )
>>> p.intersection_assign( C_Polyhedron(y>=0) )
>>> p.constraints()
Constraint_System {x0>=0, x1>=0}
>>> z = Variable(2)
>>> p.intersection_assign( C_Polyhedron(z>=0) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::intersection_assign(y):
this->space_dimension() == 2, y.space_dimension() == 3.
>>> p.intersection_assign( NNC_Polyhedron(x+y<1) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::intersection_assign(y):
y is a NNC_Polyhedron.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::intersection_assign(y):
Test whether self is bounded.
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self is a bounded polyhedron.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, NNC_Polyhedron, point, closure_point, ray
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> p = NNC_Polyhedron( point(0*x) )
>>> p.add_generator( closure_point(1*x) )
>>> p.is_bounded()
True
>>> p.add_generator( ray(1*x) )
>>> p.is_bounded()
False
Test whether self is discrete.
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self is discrete.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point, ray
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(1*x+2*y) )
>>> p.is_discrete()
True
>>> p.add_generator( point(x) )
>>> p.is_discrete()
False
Tests whether self and y are disjoint.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self and y are disjoint.
Rayises a ValueError if self and y are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> C_Polyhedron(x<=0).is_disjoint_from( C_Polyhedron(x>=1) )
True
This is not allowed:
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> poly_1d = C_Polyhedron(x<=0)
>>> poly_2d = C_Polyhedron(x+0*y>=1)
>>> poly_1d.is_disjoint_from(poly_2d)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::intersection_assign(y):
this->space_dimension() == 1, y.space_dimension() == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::intersection_assign(y):
Nor is this:
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> c_poly = C_Polyhedron( x<=0 )
>>> nnc_poly = NNC_Polyhedron( x >0 )
>>> c_poly.is_disjoint_from(nnc_poly)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::intersection_assign(y):
y is a NNC_Polyhedron.
>>> NNC_Polyhedron(c_poly).is_disjoint_from(nnc_poly)
True
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::intersection_assign(y):
Test if self is an empty polyhedron.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import C_Polyhedron
>>> C_Polyhedron(3, 'empty').is_empty()
True
>>> C_Polyhedron(3, 'universe').is_empty()
False
Tests if self is topologically closed.
OUTPUT:
Returns True if and only if self is a topologically closed subset of the ambient vector space.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> C_Polyhedron(3, 'universe').is_topologically_closed()
True
>>> C_Polyhedron( x>=1 ).is_topologically_closed()
True
>>> NNC_Polyhedron( x>1 ).is_topologically_closed()
False
Test if self is a universe (space-filling) polyhedron.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import C_Polyhedron
>>> C_Polyhedron(3, 'empty').is_universe()
False
>>> C_Polyhedron(3, 'universe').is_universe()
True
Return the maximum space dimension all kinds of Polyhedron can handle.
OUTPUT:
Integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import C_Polyhedron
>>> C_Polyhedron(1, 'empty').max_space_dimension()
1152921504606846974
Maximize expr.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A dictionary with the following keyword:value pair:
If expr is bounded from above, the following additional keyword:value pairs are set to provide information about the supremum:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, NNC_Polyhedron, Constraint_System, Linear_Expression
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert(x >= 0)
>>> cs.insert(y >= 0)
>>> cs.insert(3*x+5*y <= 10)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(cs)
>>> pm = p.maximize(x+y)
>>> for key in sorted(pm):
... print key, pm[key]
bounded True
generator point(10/3, 0/3)
maximum True
sup_d 3
sup_n 10
Unbounded case:
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert(x > 0)
>>> p = NNC_Polyhedron(cs)
>>> p.maximize(+x)
{‘bounded’: False} >>> pm = p.maximize(-x) >>> for key in pm: ... print key, pm[key] bounded True generator closure_point(0/1) maximum False sup_d 1 sup_n 0
Minimize expr.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A dictionary with the following keyword:value pair:
If expr is bounded from below, the following additional keyword:value pairs are set to provide information about the infimum:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, NNC_Polyhedron, Constraint_System, Linear_Expression
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert( x>=0 )
>>> cs.insert( y>=0 )
>>> cs.insert( 3*x+5*y<=10 )
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(cs)
>>> pm = p.minimize( x+y )
>>> for key in sorted(pm):
... print key, pm[key]
bounded True
generator point(0/1, 0/1)
inf_d 1
inf_n 0
minimum True
Unbounded case:
>>> cs = Constraint_System()
>>> cs.insert(x > 0)
>>> p = NNC_Polyhedron(cs)
>>> pm = p.minimize(+x)
>>> for key in sorted(pm):
... print key, pm[key]
bounded True
generator closure_point(0/1)
inf_d 1
inf_n 0
minimum False
>>> p.minimize( -x )
{'bounded': False}
Returns the minimized system of constraints.
See also constraints().
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(y >= 0)
>>> p.add_constraint(x >= 0)
>>> p.add_constraint(x+y >= 0)
>>> p.constraints()
Constraint_System {x1>=0, x0>=0, x0+x1>=0}
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {x1>=0, x0>=0}
Returns the minimized system of generators.
See also generators().
OUTPUT:
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(3,'empty')
>>> p.add_generator(point(-x-y))
>>> p.add_generator(point(0))
>>> p.add_generator(point(+x+y))
>>> p.generators()
Generator_System {point(-1/1, -1/1, 0/1), point(0/1, 0/1, 0/1), point(1/1, 1/1, 0/1)}
>>> p.minimized_generators()
Generator_System {point(-1/1, -1/1, 0/1), point(1/1, 1/1, 0/1)}
Assign to self the poly-difference of self and y.
For any pair of NNC polyhedra P_1 and P_2 the convex polyhedral difference (or poly-difference) of P_1 and P_2 is defined as the smallest convex polyhedron containing the set-theoretic difference P_1setminus P_2 of P_1 and P_2.
In general, even if P_1 and P_2 are topologically closed polyhedra, their poly-difference may be a convex polyhedron that is not topologically closed. For this reason, when computing the poly-difference of two C_Polyhedron, the library will enforce the topological closure of the result.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method assigns the poly-difference to self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and and y are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point, closure_point, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> p = NNC_Polyhedron( point(0*x) )
>>> p.add_generator( point(1*x) )
>>> p.poly_difference_assign(NNC_Polyhedron( point(0*x) ))
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {-x0+1>=0, x0>0}
The poly-difference of C_polyhedron is really its closure:
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(0*x) )
>>> p.add_generator( point(1*x) )
>>> p.poly_difference_assign(C_Polyhedron( point(0*x) ))
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {x0>=0, -x0+1>=0}
self and y must be dimension- and topology-compatible, or an exception is raised:
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p.poly_difference_assign( C_Polyhedron(y>=0) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_difference_assign(y):
this->space_dimension() == 1, y.space_dimension() == 2.
>>> p.poly_difference_assign( NNC_Polyhedron(x+y<1) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_difference_assign(y):
y is a NNC_Polyhedron.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_difference_assign(y):
Assign to self the poly-hull of self and y.
For any pair of NNC polyhedra P_1 and P_2, the convex polyhedral hull (or poly-hull) of is the smallest NNC polyhedron that includes both P_1 and P_2. The poly-hull of any pair of closed polyhedra in is also closed.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method assigns the poly-hull to self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and and y are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(1*x+0*y) )
>>> p.poly_hull_assign(C_Polyhedron( point(0*x+1*y) ))
>>> p.generators()
Generator_System {point(0/1, 1/1), point(1/1, 0/1)}
self and y must be dimension- and topology-compatible, or an exception is raised:
>>> z = Variable(2)
>>> p.poly_hull_assign( C_Polyhedron(z>=0) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_hull_assign(y):
this->space_dimension() == 2, y.space_dimension() == 3.
>>> p.poly_hull_assign( NNC_Polyhedron(x+y<1) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_hull_assign(y):
y is a NNC_Polyhedron.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_hull_assign(y):
Return the relations holding between the polyhedron self and the generator or constraint arg.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A Poly_Gen_Relation or a Poly_Con_Relation according to the type of the input.
Raises ValueError if self and the generator/constraint arg are dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point, ray, Poly_Con_Relation
>>> x = Variable(0); y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(2, 'empty')
>>> p.add_generator( point(1*x+0*y) )
>>> p.add_generator( point(0*x+1*y) )
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {x0+x1-1==0, -x1+1>=0, x1>=0}
>>> p.relation_with( point(1*x+1*y) )
nothing
>>> p.relation_with( point(1*x+1*y, 2) )
subsumes
>>> p.relation_with( x+y==-1 )
is_disjoint
>>> p.relation_with( x==y )
strictly_intersects
>>> p.relation_with( x+y<=1 )
is_included, saturates
>>> p.relation_with( x+y<1 )
is_disjoint, saturates
In a Python program you will usually use relation_with() together with implies() or implies(), for example:
>>> p.relation_with( x+y<1 ).implies(Poly_Con_Relation.saturates())
True
You can only get relations with dimension-compatible generators or constraints:
>>> z = Variable(2)
>>> p.relation_with( point(x+y+z) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::relation_with(g):
this->space_dimension() == 2, g.space_dimension() == 3.
>>> p.relation_with( z>0 )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::relation_with(c):
this->space_dimension() == 2, c.space_dimension() == 3.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::relation_with(c):
Remove the higher dimensions of the vector space so that the resulting space will have dimension new_dimension.
OUTPUT:
This method modifies self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if new_dimensions is greater than the space dimension of self.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import C_Polyhedron, Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron(3*x+0*y==2)
>>> p.remove_higher_space_dimensions(1)
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {3*x0-2==0}
>>> p.remove_higher_space_dimensions(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::remove_higher_space_dimensions(nd):
this->space_dimension() == 1, required space dimension == 2.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::remove_higher_space_dimensions(nd):
Return the dimension of the vector space enclosing self.
OUTPUT:
Integer.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( 5*x-2*y >= x+y-1 )
>>> p.space_dimension()
2
Test whether self strictly contains y.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
Boolean. Returns True if and only if self contains y and self does not equal y.
Raises a ValueError if self and y are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p0 = C_Polyhedron( x>=0 )
>>> p1 = C_Polyhedron( x>=1 )
>>> p0.strictly_contains(p1)
True
>>> p1.strictly_contains(p0)
False
Errors are raised if the dimension or topology is not compatible:
>>> p0.strictly_contains(C_Polyhedron(y>=0))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::contains(y):
this->space_dimension() == 1, y.space_dimension() == 2.
>>> p0.strictly_contains(NNC_Polyhedron(x>0))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::contains(y):
y is a NNC_Polyhedron.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::contains(y):
Assign to self its topological closure.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> p = NNC_Polyhedron(x>0)
>>> p.is_topologically_closed()
False
>>> p.topological_closure_assign()
>>> p.is_topologically_closed()
True
>>> p.minimized_constraints()
Constraint_System {x0>=0}
Compute the cylindrification of self with respect to space dimension var.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method assigns the cylindrification to self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if var is not a space dimension of self.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(x+y) ); p
A 0-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point
>>> p.unconstrain(x); p
A 1-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 point, 1 line
>>> z = Variable(2)
>>> p.unconstrain(z)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::unconstrain(var):
this->space_dimension() == 2, required space dimension == 3.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::unconstrain(var):
Assign to self the poly-hull of self and y.
For any pair of NNC polyhedra P_1 and P_2, the convex polyhedral hull (or poly-hull) of is the smallest NNC polyhedron that includes both P_1 and P_2. The poly-hull of any pair of closed polyhedra in is also closed.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
This method assigns the poly-hull to self and does not return anything.
Raises a ValueError if self and and y are topology-incompatible or dimension-incompatible.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, C_Polyhedron, point, NNC_Polyhedron
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> p = C_Polyhedron( point(1*x+0*y) )
>>> p.poly_hull_assign(C_Polyhedron( point(0*x+1*y) ))
>>> p.generators()
Generator_System {point(0/1, 1/1), point(1/1, 0/1)}
self and y must be dimension- and topology-compatible, or an exception is raised:
>>> z = Variable(2)
>>> p.poly_hull_assign( C_Polyhedron(z>=0) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_hull_assign(y):
this->space_dimension() == 2, y.space_dimension() == 3.
>>> p.poly_hull_assign( NNC_Polyhedron(x+y<1) )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_hull_assign(y):
y is a NNC_Polyhedron.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::C_Polyhedron::poly_hull_assign(y):
Bases: object
Wrapper for PPL’s Variable class.
A dimension of the vector space.
An object of the class Variable represents a dimension of the space, that is one of the Cartesian axes. Variables are used as basic blocks in order to build more complex linear expressions. Each variable is identified by a non-negative integer, representing the index of the corresponding Cartesian axis (the first axis has index 0). The space dimension of a variable is the dimension of the vector space made by all the Cartesian axes having an index less than or equal to that of the considered variable; thus, if a variable has index i, its space dimension is i+1.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A Variable
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(123)
>>> x.id()
123
>>> x
x123
Note that the “meaning” of an object of the class Variable is completely specified by the integer index provided to its constructor: be careful not to be mislead by C++ language variable names. For instance, in the following example the linear expressions e1 and e2 are equivalent, since the two variables x and z denote the same Cartesian axis:
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> z = Variable(0)
>>> e1 = x + y; e1
x0+x1
>>> e2 = y + z; e2
x0+x1
>>> e1 - e2
0
Checks if all the invariants are satisfied.
OUTPUT:
Boolean.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> x.OK()
True
Return the index of the Cartesian axis associated to the variable.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(123)
>>> x.id()
123
Return the dimension of the vector space enclosing self.
OUPUT:
Integer. The returned value is self.id()+1.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable
>>> x = Variable(0)
>>> x.space_dimension()
1
Construct a closure point.
A closure point is a point of the topological closure of a polyhedron that is not a point of the polyhedron itself.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A new Generator representing the point.
Raises a ValueError` if ``divisor==0.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> Generator.closure_point(2*y+7, 3)
closure_point(0/3, 2/3)
>>> Generator.closure_point(y+7, 3)
closure_point(0/3, 1/3)
>>> Generator.closure_point(7, 3)
closure_point()
>>> Generator.closure_point(0, 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::closure_point(e, d):
d == 0.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::closure_point(e, d):
Constuct an equation.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
The equation expression == 0.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, equation
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> 2*y+1 == 0
2*x1+1==0
>>> equation(2*y+1)
2*x1+1==0
Constuct an inequality.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
The inequality expression >= 0.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, inequality
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> 2*y+1 >= 0
2*x1+1>=0
>>> inequality(2*y+1)
2*x1+1>=0
Construct a line.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A new Generator representing the line.
Raises a ValueError` if the homogeneous part of ``expression represents the origin of the vector space.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> Generator.line(2*y)
line(0, 1)
>>> Generator.line(y)
line(0, 1)
>>> Generator.line(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::line(e):
e == 0, but the origin cannot be a line.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::line(e):
Construct a point.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A new Generator representing the point.
Raises a ValueError` if ``divisor==0.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> Generator.point(2*y+7, 3)
point(0/3, 2/3)
>>> Generator.point(y+7, 3)
point(0/3, 1/3)
>>> Generator.point(7, 3)
point()
>>> Generator.point(0, 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::point(e, d):
d == 0.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::point(e, d):
Construct a ray.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
A new Generator representing the ray.
Raises a ValueError` if the homogeneous part of ``expression represents the origin of the vector space.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Generator, Variable
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> Generator.ray(2*y)
ray(0, 1)
>>> Generator.ray(y)
ray(0, 1)
>>> Generator.ray(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::ray(e):
e == 0, but the origin cannot be a ray.
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: PPL::ray(e):
Constuct a strict inequality.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
The inequality expression > 0.
Examples:
>>> from ppl import Variable, strict_inequality
>>> y = Variable(1)
>>> 2*y+1 > 0
2*x1+1>0
>>> strict_inequality(2*y+1)
2*x1+1>0